Varna Bulgaria - Eneolithic/Copper Age Cemetery

Varna is the name of a Eneolithic/Late Copper Age cemetery located in northeastern Bulgaria, slightly inland of the Black Sea and north of the Varna Lakes. The cemetery was used for about century between 4560-4450 BC. Excavations at the site have revealed a total of nearly 300 graves, within an area of approximately 7,500 square meters (81,000 square feet or approximately 2 acres). To date, the cemetery has not been found to be associated with a settlement: the closest human occupation of the same date consists of 13 pile-based lake dwellings, located near Varna Lakes and thought to be of approximately the same period. However, no connection to the cemetery has been established as of yet. Grave goods from Varna included an enormous amount of goldwork, a total of over 3,000 gold objects weighing more than 6 kilograms (13 pounds). In addition, 160 copper objects, 320 flint artifacts, 90 stone objects and more than 650 clay vessels have been found. In addition, over 12,000 dentalium shells and about 1,100 Spondylus shell ornaments were also recovered. Also collected were red tubular beads made from carnelian. Most of these artifacts were recovered from elite burials. Elite Burials Of the 294 graves, a handful were clearly high status or elite burials, probably representing chiefs. Burial 43, for example, included 990 gold artifacts weighing 1.5 kg (3.3 lb) alone. Stable isotope data suggests that the people at Varna consumed both terrestrial (millet) and marine resources: human remains associated with the richest burials (43 and 51) had isotope signatures that indicated higher percentage consumption of marine protein. A total of 43 of the graves are cenotaphs, symbolic graves containing no human remains. Some of these contained clay masks with gold objects placed in what would be the location of eyes, mouth, nose and ears. AMS radiocarbon dates on animal and human bones from burial contexts returned calibrated dates between 4608-4430 BC; but most artifacts of this type date to the later Eneolithic period, suggesting that the Black Sea location was a center of social and cultural innovation. Archaeology The Varna cemetery was discovered in 1972 and excavated well into the 1990s by Ivan S. Ivanov of the Varna Museum, G. I. Georgiev and M. Lazarov. The site has not been as yet been completely published, although a handful of scientific articles have appeared in English language journals. Sources This article is a part of the About.com guide to the Chalcolithic, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Gaydarska B, and Chapman J. 2008. The aesthetics or colour and brilliance - or why were prehistoric persons interested in rocks, minerals, clays and pigments? In: Kostov RI, Gaydarska B, and Gurova M, editors. Geoarchaeology and Archaeomineralogy: Proceedings of the International Conference. Sofia: Publishing House St. Ivan Rilski. p 63-66. Higham T, Chapman J, Slavchev V, Gaydarska B, Honch NV, Yordanov Y, and Dimitrova B. 2007. New perspectives on the Varna cemetery (Bulgaria) – AMS dates and social implications. Antiquity 81(313):640-654. Honch NV, Higham TFG, Chapman J, Gaydarska B, and Hedges REM. 2006. A palaeodietary investigation of carbon (13C/12C) and nitrogen (15N/14N) in human and faunal bones from the Copper Age cemeteries of Varna I and Durankulak, Bulgaria. Journal of Archaeological Science 33:1493-1504. Renfrew C. 1978.  Varna and the social context of early metallurgy.  Antiquity 52(206):199-203.

What I Know About Art - 1279 Words

When anyone goes downtown, they do not tend to think of it more than just buildings. In my mind, I would think of perspective, color schemes, proportion, and more art terms. My hippocampus, responsible for processing long term memory, pulls out art concepts because I have been taught to see things differently. Artists are taught to look at how things relate to each other, how they were formed, and why they were placed there. Our brains processes things the same way everyone else s does, but we overthink everything. Luckily our body does the millions of other things we couldn t keep track of. I was always intrigued by how these little things inside our bodies were responsible for every single thing we do and feel. Thanks to psychology, I now know why art professors always wanted to engrave so many concepts that seemed common sense at the time. Now I know that the concepts I constantly think of when making art , are things that influenced my life. Most of our actions and emotions start with the neurons. These little cells are responsible for transmitting messages when they are stimulated by signals from feeling or when triggered by any sort of chemical reaction. Without getting into intricate details, these are the building blocks that connect other various body systems. For example the central nervous system is responsible for making me feel the contact I am making between my fingers and the keyboard. Psychology can also be linked in explaining my relationship with my dog.Show MoreRelatedVisit The Young At Art Museum1437 Words   |  6 Pagesreflection paper I decided to visit the Young at Art Museum. It is located on Southwest 121st Avenue and is just south of 5-95.(Figure 1) I decided to go on a Friday and I think a few schools may have had the same idea. Upon first arriving I knew, almost instantly, that Young at Art was designed with the youth in mind. 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AOL Time Warner Essay Example For Students

AOL Time Warner Essay On January 10, 2000, one of the largest, most powerful mergers was announced to the world. Media giant Time Warner will join forces with the Internet superstar, America on Line. The $183 billion dollar deal is the biggest in history. In the recent past, there has been a wave of merger-mania, both in the United States and in Europe. The merger of the Millennium is between America on Line and Time Warner. The AOL Time Warner deal represents the joining of the Old Media with the New Media. Not only is it a marriage of different approaches, the two CEOs are very diverse individuals. The two companies are quite different, in nearly every aspect. Some of the divisions of Time Warner have been around since the 1920s, while the youngster, AOL is a mere fifteen years old. The quick paced, new up starting Internet companies never thought in a million years they would ever need the old stand-by media organizations. The Internet will revolutionize everything, that is what their beliefs were. The y were fearless and believed themselves to be invincible, but things have changed. The Internet has put the world only a mouse click away and it has changed the world.The fact of the matter is the world of the Internet is extremely competitive and in order to survive, you must invest huge sums into your marketing campaign, in some cases up to seventy percent of a budget. The one thing that you can always could on in this word is change, and there are going to be some major changes in the realm of the high tech companies. The techies are going to have to realize their need for and have to learn how to form lasting relationships with the old stand bys in order to keep up with todays world.Time Warner is, for the most part, a stable reliable organization. Time Warners holdings include many magazines, Time, Sports Illustrated, Money and Fortune just to name a few. Time Warner also possesses Warner Brothers Studio, Warner Music (which recently acquired EMI Music), Turner Classic Movies a nd an array of television stations. A partial list of the broadcast networks includes CNN, TNT and HBO. Time Warner is also the second largest cable television provider in the country. They have also recently invested huge sums of money into their cable system to prepare it for Roadrunner technologies. Roadrunner is an alternative to a standard Internet service provider account (ISP). Roadrunner allows a user to send and receive as much information as they desire and unprecedented speeds. Time Warner has played around with their own Internet company, Pathfinder, with little success. The world of the Internet is so cutting edge that unless a company pays very close attention to it, chances for success are very low. This fact brings the importance of a joining with an organization such as AOL into the light for Time Warner. America on Line realizes the value of a company as established as Time Warner. AOL is a New School organization. Steve Case and Bob Pittman also had the foresight to see the impact of a joining of their company with Time Warner. They could create the largest, most powerful service provider in history. America on Line comes into the deal offering its cutting-edge technologies and the love of the American people. AOL has continually updated its system to make using the Internet easy for anyone. They have removed the phobias that many Americans have experienced. AOL has developed its very own vast world where you can find nearly anything you could possibly want to. AOLs domain is perfectly safe and so simple to navigate. At present, AOL has over 22 million subscribers. Americans love AOL and all the features it has to offer. AOL has something called Instant Messenger, which allows you to communicate instantaneously via your computer with anyone, anywhere. They offer multiple e-mail acco unts with each dial up account. What this means is in a household, each member can have their own e-mail address at no additional charge. AOL makes the Internet so easy to navigate and unlimited access is offered for about $20.00 per month. Time Warner needs AOL to move forward in todays world and AOL needs Time Warners vast customer base and diverse advertising options. AOL can slice their advertising budget considerably by utilizing all of Time Warners diverse outlets. Just imagine, on every network, in every magazine and even at the beginning of every film produced within the Time Warner family AOL is mentioned. The exposure would be phenomenal! If you examine the other side, on every AOL web page there is a mention of a Time Warner media division or a promo for a newly released Warner Brothers film, just imagine the number of people who would be exposed to it. The numbers are staggering. AOL is also very interested in Time Warners cable company holdings. The quality of what you see on your computer is dictated by something called bandwidth. A bandwidth is the amount of information that can be sent and received by your computer. A large bandwidth would allow you to watch a television show or a movie on your computer. Most connections to the Internet are established via a standard telephone line. This type of connection does not provide a large bandwidth. AOL has plans to develop AOL TV in the future and in order to make that vision a reality; they need to be able to offer a larger bandwidth to their existing customers at a reasonable price. The merger with Time Warner is certainly a step in the right direction to achieving this goal. At present, AOLs walled garden for all their subscribers is very small bandwidth friendly, but as the company has always done in the past, it will continue for bigger and better for its customers. Steven Case of AOL, the boyish entrepreneur has consistently beaten the odds with his ability for seeing a world-altering vision and not letting go until he has made it happen.His forward thinking concerning the merger with Time Warner has been compared to the gutsy moves of Alfred Sloan at General Motors back in the 20s. Sloan outdistanced himself from the competition by constructing an automobile for every purpose and every purse.He left the competitors in the dust by gaining control of more of the automobile market than anyone else. Case is a forward thinker and has the drive and ambition to make practically anything work if he wants it bad enough, and he wants the merger with Time Warner to be a success. .u53a1bb34644ab5cdbf50637800e24a98 , .u53a1bb34644ab5cdbf50637800e24a98 .postImageUrl , .u53a1bb34644ab5cdbf50637800e24a98 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u53a1bb34644ab5cdbf50637800e24a98 , .u53a1bb34644ab5cdbf50637800e24a98:hover , .u53a1bb34644ab5cdbf50637800e24a98:visited , .u53a1bb34644ab5cdbf50637800e24a98:active { border:0!important; } .u53a1bb34644ab5cdbf50637800e24a98 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u53a1bb34644ab5cdbf50637800e24a98 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u53a1bb34644ab5cdbf50637800e24a98:active , .u53a1bb34644ab5cdbf50637800e24a98:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u53a1bb34644ab5cdbf50637800e24a98 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u53a1bb34644ab5cdbf50637800e24a98 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u53a1bb34644ab5cdbf50637800e24a98 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u53a1bb34644ab5cdbf50637800e24a98 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u53a1bb34644ab5cdbf50637800e24a98:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u53a1bb34644ab5cdbf50637800e24a98 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u53a1bb34644ab5cdbf50637800e24a98 .u53a1bb34644ab5cdbf50637800e24a98-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u53a1bb34644ab5cdbf50637800e24a98:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Progressive Movement In America EssayA second merger that happened in the month of January was between pharmaceutical giants Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline. This merger has been in the works for nearly two years and has finally become a reality. The joining of these two companies will create the largest drug company in the world. The conglomerate Glaxo Wellcome SmithKline will have the opportunity to discover more new drugs than anyone else, having a research and development budget in excess of four million dollars and a sales and marketing team of over forty thousand to sell the drugs. The only other pharmaceutical company that can compare in size to Glaxo Wellcome SmithKl ine is the giant Merck and Co, with yearly sales around 20 billion. Merck and Co will see its patents on a few key products expire in the next couple of years. Although CEO Gilmartin remains true to his stance that Merck needs no one, he did add that the company may be forced to rethink its position. The pharmaceutical industry has been consolidating for years and appears that this trend will continue. There has also been a sizable increase of mergers in Europe. In the year 1999, the value of European mergers soared to 1.5 trillion dollars. This figure is nearly double the $988 billion dollars recorded in 1998. The emergence of a common currency, the Euro, has made the mergers much easier and more appealing. Once the expected mergers within a countrys boundaries have been exhausted, companies feel comfortable crossing the border to another country.Paul Gibbs, of J.P. Morgan stated that 60% of the action in Europe last year crossed national borders. Experts expect this trend to conti nue in Europe. One French banker made the bold prediction that one third of the top forty blue chips in France will either gobble up, or be gobbled up by another company in the coming year. I believe that the mergers and super mergers are going to continue in the future. I also believe that these transactions are going to become necessary for businesses to remain competitive and to not fall to the wayside. The joining of mega media giants AOL and Time Warner is going to start a trend and I believe we will see many more combinations of similar companies in the future. Companies will be forced to play this merger game if they want to stay alive and remain successful. This, I believe, is the trend for the new millennium and it is a trend that will become a new way of doing business.Bibliography:Sources:BusinessweekJan 24, 2000:Welcome to the 21st CenturyThe Big GrabThe Great Irony of AOL Time WarnerJan 31, 2000Burying the Hatchet Buys a Lot of Drug ResearchThe Economist The Record Indu stry Takes FrightThe Net Gets RealTimeThe Big DealWall Street JournalAssorted articles

McCarthyism vs. The Crusible free essay sample

In the play The Crucible, Hale, while holding a book, claims, Here is all the invisible world caught, defined, and calculated. In these books the devil stands stripped of all his brute 50) Later in the play, when Mary Warren describes her court day to the Proctors, and how Goody Osborn tried to send her spirit out and kill her. She says, l never knew [Goody Osborn tried to kill me] before. I never knew anything before. When she come into the court say to myself, I must not accuse this woman, for she sleep in ditches, and so very old and poor. ..But then Then she sit there, denying and denying, and feel a misty oldness climbing up my back, and the skin on my skull begin to creep, and I feel a clamp around my neck and I cannot breathe air.. . She carries on, saying, then Judge Hawthorne say, Recite for us your of all the ten she could not say a single one. We will write a custom essay sample on McCarthyism vs. The Crusible or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She never knew no commandments, and they had her in a flat lie! Finally, she justifies herself by saying I told you the proof-?sees hard proof, hard as rock the judges said. McCarthy stated in a speech in Wheeling Virginia, [The existence of Communists] has lighted the spark which is resulting in a moral uprising and ill end only when the whole sorry mess of twisted, warped thinkers are swept from the national scene so that we may have a new birth of honesty and decency in government. A SSP source also states, a young Senator named Joseph McCarthy made a public accusation that more than two hundred card-carrying communists had infiltrated the United States government. Though eventually his accusations were proven to be untrue, and he was censured by the Senate for unbecoming conduct.. . (McCarthy) Puritan belief was based on the puritan religion, which held a long standing association between witches and evil. Hale briefly points this out; and, as he is regarded as Nobel in his society, uses his authority and judgment to make a strong claim about the book he has and the thing he knows. Later, when Mary talks about her day of court- she justifies the lack of proof by saying that the Judges, who associate with Hale, and have a religious prejudice, think the proof is clear if you cannot say the commandments.This shows how strong one aspect of the society is, and how sure individuals in it are of their own beliefs. McCarthy states that the communists are a sorry mess of twisted, warped thinkers, which clearly showcases his prejudice awards communists, since their views do not affect their honesty or decency, frankly; and the belief that their thinking is warped is strictly an opinion. The idea of his political affliction becomes even more clear when it is known that h e accused over two hundred people of being communists without any proof or justification. Both parties also relied on fear to sway people to agree with them. In The Crucible, Abigail Williams constantly accuses her neighbors of witchcraft. One exclusive example is when Mary Warren is in the court room to show the girls as frauds, and Abigail retorts, accusing her of witchcraft, too. The stage directions and dialog are as follows: Abigail, looking about in the air, clasping her arms about her as though cold: know not. A wind, a cold wind, has come. Her eyes fall on Mary Warren.McCarthy used fear in his speech in Wheeling; telling the people, The reason why we find ourselves in a position of impotency is not because our only powerful potential enemy has sent men to invade our shores, but rather because of the traitorous actions of those who have been treated so well by this Nation. (McCarthy) Abigail manipulates the officials and her peers by playing on their fears. Abigail accuses Mary for two reasons. One is to hurt Mary for tattling. The other is to distract the judges, who were starting to question the girls.McCarthy does the same; telling the people that their government is full of traitors- who are better known by the term communist. Most, if not all, of the accused in both situations faced hardships in the time of the happenings. In The Crucible, Act IV is primarily the scene of John Proctors confession (and counter-confession. ) The Judge sakes if John will formally sign a confession. He responds with, I have confessed myself! Is here no good penitence but it be public? God does not need my name nailed upon the church!God sees my name, God knows how black my sins are! It is enough. It is said that during the Second Red Scare Some had their passports taken away, while others were jailed for refusing to give the names of other communists. The trials, which were well publicized, could often destroy a career with a single unsubstantiated accusation. (McCarthy) The puritans, along with being accused and jailed, had to publicize that they confessed to being a witch, and brand themselves with the title, or die so they ay keep their clean name. This shows great injustice.Even if you were not a witch, the court would hold you to it with their faulty proof until you confessed it and damned your soul by lying. Likewise, McCarthy ruined careers and lives with his accusations, jailing some of his alleged communists and striping privileges, like passports, from others. Both occurrence, though so far apart, correlate with each other when it comes to injustice because Of prejudice, using fear as a moderated, and ruining innocent peoples lives. Lotus goes to show that history really does repeat itself.